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Cost-Based Oracle Fundamentals
The question, "Why isn't Oracle using my index?" must be one of the most popular (or perhaps unpopular) questions ever asked on the Oracle help forums. You've picked exactly the right columns, you've got them in the ideal order, you've computed statistics, you've checked for null columns--and the optimizer flatly refuses to use your index
unless you hint it. What could possibly be going wrong?
If you've suffered the frustration of watching the optimizer do something completely bizarre when the best execution plan is totally obvious, or spent hours or days trying to make the optimizer do what you want it to do, then this is the book you need. You'll come to know how the optimizer "thinks," understand why it makes mistakes, and recognize the data patterns that make it go awry. With this information at your fingertips, you will save an enormous amount of time on designing and trouble-shooting your SQL.
The cost-based optimizer is simply a piece of code that contains a model of how Oracle databases work. By applying this model to the statistics about your data, the optimizer tries to efficiently convert your query into an executable plan. Unfortunately, the model can't be perfect, your statistics can't be perfect, and the resulting execution plan may be far from perfect.
In Cost-Based Oracle Fundamentals, the first book in a series of three, Jonathan Lewis--one of the foremost authorities in this field--describes the most commonly used parts of the model, what the optimizer does with your statistics, and why things go wrong. With this information, you'll be in a position to fix entire problem areas, not just single SQL statements, by adjusting the model or creating more truthful statistics.
What do you mean by cost?
Single table selectivity
Simple B-Tree access
The clustering factor
Selectivity issues
Histograms
Bitmap indexes
Query transformation
Join cardinality
Nested loops
Hash joins
Sorting & merge joins
The 10053 trace file
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