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CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Certification Guide 3rd Edition
* Master CCIE 350-001 exam topics with the official study guide
* Assess your knowledge with chapter-opening quizzes
* Review key concepts with foundation summaries
* Practice with hundreds of exam questions on the CD-ROM
Wendell Odom, CCIE No. 1624
Rus Healy, CCIE No. 15025
Naren Mehta, CCIE No. 9797
CCIE
Routing and Switching Exam Certification Guide, Third Edition, is a best of breed Cisco exam study guide that focuses specifically on the objectives for the CCIE Routing and Switching written exam. Senior instructor and best-selling author Wendell Odom shares preparation hints and test-taking tips, helping you identify areas of weakness and improve both your conceptual knowledge and hands-on skills. Material is presented in a concise manner, focusing on increasing your understanding and retention of exam topics.
CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Certification Guide, Third Edition, presents you with an organized test preparation routine through the use of proven series elements and techniques. ??Do I Know This Already? quizzes open each chapter and allow you to decide how much time you need to spend on each section. Foundation Topic sections present detailed overviews of all exam objectives. Key Topic icons allow you to identify and quickly review the most important exam topics. Foundation summaries reinforce key exam concepts with review exercises and important tables.
The companion CD-ROM contains a powerful testing engine that allows you to focus on individual topic areas or take complete, timed exams. The assessment engine also tracks your performance and provides feedback on a chapter-by-chapter basis, presenting question-by-question remediation to the text and laying out a complete study plan for review.
Well regarded for its level of detail, assessment features, and challenging review exercises and practice questions, this completely revised and updated third edition helps you master the concepts and techniques that will enable you to succeed on the exam the first time.
CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Certification Guide, Third Edition, is part of a recommended learning path from Cisco that includes simulation and hands-on training from authorized Cisco Learning Partners and self-study products from Cisco Press. To find out more about instructor-led training, e-learning, and hands-on instruction offered by authorized Cisco Learning Partners worldwide, visit www.cisco.com/go/authorizedtraining.
Wendell Odom, CCIE No. 1624, has been in the networking industry since 1981. He currently teaches QoS, MPLS, and CCNA courses for Skyline Advanced Technology Services (http://www.skyline-ats.com). Wendell has worked as a network engineer, consultant, systems engineer, and as an instructor and course developer and has taught authorized Cisco courses for the majority of the last 14 years.
Rus Healy, CCIE No. 15025, is a principal SE with Annese & Associates, the largest upstate New York Cisco Silver partner.
Naren Mehta, CCIE No 9797, is a senior partner and director of training for an internationally known training and consulting company that specializes in providing customized, one-to-one training for CCIE lab students and consulting.
The official study guide helps you master all the topics on the CCIE Routing and Switching written exam, including:
* Bridging and LAN switching
* IP addressing, IP services, and TCP, UDP, and application protocol details
* Layer 3 forwarding concepts
* EIGRP, OSPF, and BGP routing protocols
* Quality of service (QoS)
* Frame Relay
* MPLS
* IP Multicast
* IPv6
* Router and switch security
Companion CD-ROM
The CD-ROM contains an electronic copy of the book
and more than 250 practice questions for the CCIE Routing and Switching written exam, all available in study mode, test mode, and flash card format.
This volume is part of the Exam Certification Guide Series from Cisco Press. Books in this series provide officially developed exam preparation materials that offer assessment, review, and practice to help Cisco Career Certification candidates identify weaknesses, concentrate their study efforts, and enhance their confidence as exam day nears.
Category: Cisco Press??Cisco Certification
Covers: CCIE Routing and Switching written exam 350-001 v3.0
CONTENTS:
Foreword xxx
Introduction xxxi
Part I Part I: LAN Switching 3
Chapter 1 Ethernet Basics 5
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 5
Foundation Topics 8
Ethernet Layer 1: Wiring, Speed, and Duplex 8
RJ-45 Pinouts and Category 5 Wiring 8
Auto-negotiation, Speed, and Duplex 9
CSMA/CD 10
Collision Domains and Switch Buffering 10
Basic Switch Port Configuration 12
Ethernet Layer 2: Framing and Addressing 14
Types of Ethernet Addresses 16
Ethernet Address Formats 17
Protocol Types and the 802.3 Length Field 18
Switching and Bridging Logic 19
Foundation Summary 22
Memory Builders 25
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 25
Definitions 25
Further Reading 25
Chapter 2 Virtual LANs and VLAN Trunking 27
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 27
Foundation Topics 31
Virtual LANs 31
VLAN Configuration 31
Using VLAN Database Mode to Create VLANs 32
Using Configuration Mode to Put Interfaces into VLANs 34
Using Configuration Mode to Create VLANs 35
Private VLANs 36
VLAN Trunking Protocol 38
VTP Process and Revision Numbers 39
VTP Configuration 40
Normal-Range and Extended-Range VLANs 42
Storing VLAN Configuration 43
VLAN Trunking: ISL and 802.1Q 44
ISL and 802.1Q Concepts 44
I SL and 802.1Q Configuration 45
Allowed, Active, and Pruned VLANs 48
Trunk Configuration Compatibility 48
Configuring Trunking on Routers 49
802.1Q-in-Q Tunneling 51
Foundation Summary 53
Memory Builders 54
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 54
Definitions 54
Further Reading 55
Chapter 3 Spanning Tree Protocol 57
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 57
Foundation Topics 61
802.1d Spanning Tree Protocol 61
Choosing Which Ports Forward: Choosing Root
Ports and Designated Ports 61
Electing a Root Switch 61
Determining the Root Port 63
Determining the Designated Port 64
Converging to a New STP Topology 65
Topology Change Notification and Updating the CAM 66
Transitioning from Blocking to Forwarding 67
Per-VLAN Spanning Tree and STP over Trunks 68
STP Configuration and Analysis 70
Optimizing Spanning Tree 73
PortFast, UplinkFast, and BackboneFast 73
PortFast 74
UplinkFast 74
BackboneFast 75
PortFast, UplinkFast, and BackboneFast Configuration 75
PortChannels 76
Load Balancing Across PortChannels 76
PortChannel Discovery and Configuration 77
Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 78
Rapid Per VLAN Spanning Tree Plus (RPVST+) 80
Multiple Spanning Trees: IEEE 802.1s 81
Protecting STP 82
Root Guard and BPDU Guard: Protecting Access Ports 83
DLD and Loop Guard: Protecting Trunks 83
Foundation Summary 85
Memory Builders 87
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 87
Definitions 87
Further Reading 87
Part II IP 89
Chapter 4 IP Addressing 91
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 91
Foundation Topics 94
IP Addressing and Subnetting 94
IP Addressing and Subnetting Review 94
Subnetting a Classful Network Number 95
Comments on Classless Addressing 97
Subnetting Math 97
Dissecting the Component Parts of an IP Address 97
Finding Subnet Numbers and Valid Range of IP Addresses??Binary 98
Decimal Shortcuts to Find the Subnet Number and Valid Range of IP Addresses 99
Determining All Subnets of a Network??Binary 102
Determining All Subnets of a Network??Decimal 104
VLSM Subnet Allocation 105
Route Summarization Concepts 107
Finding Inclusive Summary Routes??Binary 108
Finding Inclusive Summary Routes??Decimal 109
Finding Exclusive Summary Routes??Binary 110
CIDR, Private Addresses, and NAT 111
Classless Interdomain Routing 111
Private Addressing 113
Network Address Translation 113
Static NAT 115
Dynamic NAT Without PAT 116
Overloading NAT with Port Address Translation 117
Dynamic NAT and PAT Configuration 118
Foundation Summary 120
Memory Builders 123
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 123
Definitions 124
Further Reading 124
Chapter 5 IP Services 127
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 127
Foundation Topics 131
ARP, Proxy ARP, Reverse ARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 131
ARP and Proxy ARP 131
RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP 132
DHCP 133
HSRP, VRRP, and GLBP 135
Network Time Protocol 139
SNMP 140
SNMP Protocol Messages 142
SNMP MIBs 143
SNMP Security 144
Syslog 144
Web Cache Communication Protocol 145
Foundation Summary 148
Memory Builders 150
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 151
Definitions 151
Further Reading 151
Part III IP Routing 153
Chapter 6 IP Forwarding (Routing) 155
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 155
Foundation Topics 159
IP Forwarding 159
Process Switching, Fast Switching, and Cisco Express Forwarding 160
Building Adjacency Information: ARP and Inverse ARP 161
Frame Relay Inverse ARP 162
Static Configuration of Frame Relay Mapping Information 165
Disabling InARP 166
Classless and Classful Routing 167
Multilayer Switching 168
MLS Logic 168
Using Routed Ports and PortChannels with MLS 169
MLS Configuration 170
Policy Routing 174
Foundation Summary 179
Memory Builders 180
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 180
Definitions 181
Further Reading 181
Chapter 7 RIP Version 2 183
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 183
Foundation Topics 186
RIP Version 2 Basics 186
RIP Convergence and Loop Prevention 187
Converged Steady-State Operation 188
Triggered (Flash) Updates and Poisoned Routes 190
RIP Convergence When Routing Updates Cease 192
Convergence Extras 194
RIP Configuration 195
Enabling RIP and the Effects of Autosummarization 196
RIP Authentication 198
RIP Next-Hop Feature and Split Horizon 198
RIP Offset Lists 199
Route Filtering with Distribute Lists and Prefix Lists 199
Foundation Summary 200
Memory Builders 202
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 202
Definitions 202
Further Reading 202
Chapter 8 EIGRP 205
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 205
Foundation Topics 209
EIGRP Basics and Steady-State Operation 209
Hellos, Neighbors, and Adjacencies 209
EIGRP Updates 212
The EIGRP Topology Table 214
EIGRP Convergence 216
Input Events and Local Computation 217
Going Active on a Route 219
tuck-in-Active 221
Limiting Query Scope 222
EIGRP Configuration 222
EIGRP Configuration Example 222
EIGRP Load Balancing 225
EIGRP Authentication 226
EIGRP Automatic Summarization 227
EIGRP Split Horizon 228
EIGRP Route Filtering 228
EIGRP Offset Lists 230
Clearing the IP Routing Table 231
Foundation Summary 232
Memory Builders 234
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 234
Definitions 234
Further Reading 235
Chapter 9 OSPF 237
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 237
Foundation Topics 242
OSPF Database Exchange 242
OSPF Router IDs 242
Becoming Neighbors, Exchanging Databases, and Becoming Adjacent 243
Becoming Neighbors: The Hello Process 245
Flooding LSA Headers to Neighbors 246
Database Descriptor Exchange: Master/Slave Relationship 247
Requesting, Getting, and Acknowledging LSAs 247
Designated Routers on LANs 248
Designated Router Optimization on LANs 248
DR Election on LANs 250
Designated Routers on WANs and OSPF Network Types 251
Caveats Regarding OSPF Network Types over NBMA Networks 252
Example of OSPF Network Types and NBMA 253
SPF Calculation 256
Steady-State Operation 257
OSPF Design and LSAs 257
OSPF Design Terms 258
OSPF Path Selection Process 259
LSA Types and Network Types 259
LSA Types 1 and 2 260
LSA Type 3 and Inter-Area Costs 263
Removing Routes Advertised by Type 3 LSAs 266
LSA Types 4 and 5, and External Route Types 1 and 2 266
OSPF Design in Light of LSA Types 268
Stubby Areas 269
Graceful Restart 272
OSPF Path Choices That Do Not Use Cost 273
Choosing the Best Type of Path 273
Best-Path Side Effects of ABR Loop Prevention 274
OSPF Configuration 276
OSPF Costs and Clearing the OSPF Process 278
OSPF Filtering 281
Filtering Routes Using the distribute-list Command 281
OSPF ABR LSA Type 3 Filtering 283
Filtering Type 3 LSAs with the area range Command 284
Virtual Link Configuration 284
Configuring OSPF Authentication 286
OSPF Stub Router Configuration 289
Foundation Summary 290
Memory Builders 294
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 295
Definitions 295
Further Reading 295
Chapter 10 IGP Route Redistribution, Route Summarization, and Default Routing 297
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 297
Foundation Topics 301
Route Maps, Prefix Lists, and Administrative Distance 301
Configuring Route Maps with the route-map Command 301
Route Map match Commands for Route Redistribution 303
Route Map set Commands for Route Redistribution 304
IP Prefix Lists 305
Administrative Distance 307
Route Redistribution 308
Mechanics of the redistribute Command 308
Redistribution Using Default Settings 309
Setting Metrics, Metric Types, and Tags 312
Redistributing a Subset of Routes Using a Route Map 313
Mutual Redistribution at Multiple Routers 317
Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Setting the Administrative Distance 319
Preventing Suboptimal Routes by Using Route Tags 322
Using Metrics and Metric Types to Influence Redistributed Routes 324
Route Summarization 326
EIGRP Route Summarization 328
OSPF Route Summarization 328
Default Routes 329
Using Static Routes to 0.0.0.0, with redistribute static 331
Using the default-information originate Command 332
Using the ip default-network Command 333
Using Route Summarization to Create Default Routes 334
Foundation Summary 336
Memory Builders 337
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 337
Definitions 337
Further Reading 337
Chapter 11 BGP 339
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 339
Foundation Topics 344
Building BGP Neighbor Relationships 345
Internal BGP Neighbors 346
External BGP Neighbors 349
Checks Before Becoming BGP Neighbors 350
BGP Messages and Neighbor States 352
BGP Message Types 352
Purposefully Resetting BGP Peer Connections 353
Building the BGP Table 354
Injecting Routes/Prefixes into the BGP Table 354
BGP network Command 354
Redistributing from an IGP, Static, or Connected Route 357
Impact of Auto-Summary on Redistributed Routes and the network Command 359
Manual Summaries and the AS_PATH Path Attribute 362
Adding Default Routes to BGP 365
ORIGIN Path Attribute 366
Advertising BGP Routes to Neighbors 367
BGP Update Message 367
Determining the Contents of Updates 368
Example: Impact of the Decision Process and NEXT_HOP on BGP Updates 370
Summary of Rules for Routes Advertised in BGP Updates 376
Building the IP Routing Table 376
Adding eBGP Routes to the IP Routing Table 376
Backdoor Routes 377
Adding iBGP Routes to the IP Routing Table 378
Using Sync and Redistributing Routes 380
Disabling Sync and Using BGP on All Routers in an AS 382
Confederations 383
Configuring Confederations 385
Route Reflectors 388
Foundation Summary 394
Memory Builders 398
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 398
Definitions 398
Further Reading 399
Part IV QoS 401
Chapter 12 Classification and Marking 403
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 403
Foundation Topics 407
Fields That Can Be Marked for QoS Purposes 407
IP Precedence and DSCP Compared 407
DSCP Settings and Terminology 408
Class Selector PHB and DSCP Values 409
Assured Forwarding PHB and DSCP Values 409
Expedited Forwarding PHB and DSCP Values 410
Non-IP Header Marking Fields 411
Ethernet LAN Class of Service 411
WAN Marking Fields 411
Locations for Marking and Matching 412
Cisco Modular QoS CLI 413
Mechanics of MQC 414
Classification Using Class Maps 415
Using Multiple match Commands 416
Classification Using NBAR 417
Classification and Marking Tools 418
Class-Based Marking (CB Marking) Configuration 418
CB Marking Example 419
CB Marking of CoS and DSCP 423
Network-Based Application Recognition 425
CB Marking Design Choices 426
Marking Using Policers 427
QoS Pre-Classification 428
Policy Routing for Marking 429
Foundation Summary 430
Memory Builders 432
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 432
Definitions 432
Further Reading 432
Chapter 13 Congestion Management and Avoidance 435
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 435
Cisco Router Queuing Concepts 438
Software Queues and Hardware Queues 438
Queuing on Interfaces Versus Subinterfaces and Virtual Circuits 439
Comparing Queuing Tools 439
Queuing Tools: CBWFQ and LLQ 440
CBWFQ Basic Features and Configuration 441
Defining and Limiting CBWFQ Bandwidth 443
Low-Latency Queuing 446
Defining and Limiting LLQ Bandwidth 448
LLQ with More Than One Priority Queue 449
Miscellaneous CBWFQ/LLQ Topics 450
Queuing Summary 451
Weighted Random Early Detection 451
How WRED Weights Packets 453
WRED Configuration 454
Modified Deficit Round-Robin 455
LAN Switch Congestion Management and Avoidance 457
Cisco 3550 and 3560 Switch Ingress Queueing 458
Cisco 3550 Switch Egress Queuing 459
Cisco 3560 Switch Egress Queuing 461
Cisco 3550 Congestion Avoidance 463
Cisco 3560 Congestion Avoidance 465
Comparisons Between Cisco 3550 and 3560 Switches 465
Foundation Summary 467
Memory Builders 467
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 467
Definitions 467
Further Reading 467
Chapter 14 Shaping and Policing 469
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 469
Foundation Topics 473
Traffic-Shaping Concepts 473
Shaping Terminology 473
Shaping with an Excess Burst 475
Underlying Mechanics of Shaping 475
Traffic-Shaping Adaptation on Frame Relay Networks 477
Class-Based Shaping Configuration 477
Tuning Shaping for Voice Using LLQ and a Small Tc 479
Configuring Shaping by Bandwidth Percent 482
CB Shaping to a Peak Rate 483
Adaptive Shaping 483
Frame Relay Traffic Shaping Configuration 483
FRTS Configuration Using the traffic-rate Command 485
Setting FRTS Parameters Explicitly 486
FRTS Configuration Using LLQ 487
FRTS Adaptive Shaping 488
FRTS with MQC 489
Policing Concepts and Configuration 489
CB Policing Concepts 489
Single-Rate, Two-Color Policing (One Bucket) 490
Single-Rate, Three-Color Policer (Two Buckets) 491
Two-Rate, Three-Color Policer (Two Buckets) 492
Class-Based Policing Configuration 493
Single-Rate, Three-Color Policing of All Traffic 494
Policing a Subset of the Traffic 495
CB Policing Defaults for Bc and Be 495
Configuring Dual-Rate Policing 496
Multi-Action Policing 496
Policing by Percentage 497
Committed Access Rate 497
Foundation Summary 501
Memory Builders 503
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 503
Definitions 503
Further Reading 504
Part V Wide-Area Networks 507
Chapter 15 Frame Relay 509
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 509
Foundation Topics 512
Frame Relay Concepts 512
Frame Relay Data Link Connection Identifiers 512
Local Management Interface 513
Frame Relay Headers and Encapsulation 514
Frame Relay Congestion: DE, BECN, and FECN 515
Adaptive Shaping, FECN, and BECN 516
The Discard Eligibility Bit 517
Frame Relay Configuration 517
Frame Relay Configuration Basics 517
Frame Relay Payload Compression 521
Frame Relay Fragmentation 522
Foundation Summary 525
Memory Builders 526
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 527
Definitions 527
Further Reading 527
Part VI IP Multicast 529
Chapter 16 Introduction to IP Multicasting 531
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 531
Foundation Topics 534
Why Do You Need Multicasting? 534
Problems with Unicast and Broadcast Methods 535
How Multicasting Provides a Scalable and Manageable Solution 537
Multicast IP Addresses 540
Multicast Address Range and Structure 540
Well-Known Multicast Addresses 540
Multicast Addresses for Permanent Groups 541
Multicast Addresses for Source-Specific Multicast Applications and Protocols 542
Multicast Addresses for GLOP Addressing 542
Multicast Addresses for Private Multicast Domains 543
Multicast Addresses for Transient Groups 543
Summary of Multicast Address Ranges 543
Mapping IP Multicast Addresses to MAC Addresses 544
Managing Distribution of Multicast Traffic with IGMP 546
Joining a Group 547
Internet Group Management Protocol 548
IGMP Version 2 548
IGMPv2 Host Membership Query Functions 550
IGMPv2 Host Membership Report Functions 552
IGMPv2 Leave Group and Group-Specific Query Messages 556
IGMPv2 Querier 558
IGMPv1 and IGMPv2 Interoperability 559
IGMPv2 Host and IGMPv1 Routers 559
IGMPv1 Host and IGMPv2 Routers 559
IGMPv2 Timers 560
IGMP Version 3 561
Comparison of IGMPv1, IGMPv2, and IGMPv3 562
LAN Multicast Optimizations 564
Cisco Group Management Protocol 564
IGMP Snooping 570
Router-Port Group Management Protocol 575
Foundation Summary 578
Memory Builders 578
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 579
Definitions 579
Further Reading 579
References in This Chapter 579
Chapter 17 IP Multicast Routing 581
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 581
Foundation Topics 585
Multicast Routing Basics 585
Overview of Multicast Routing Protocols 586
Multicast Forwarding Using Dense Mode 586
Reverse Path Forwarding Check 587
Multicast Forwarding Using Sparse Mode 589
Multicast Scoping 591
TTL Scoping 591
Administrative Scoping 592
Dense-Mode Routing Protocols 592
Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast Dense Mode 593
Forming PIM Adjacencies Using PIM Hello Messages 593
Source-Based Distribution Trees 594
Prune Message 595
PIM-DM: Reacting to a Failed Link 597
Rules for Pruning 599
Steady-State Operation and the State Refresh Message 601
Graft Message 602
LAN-Specific Issues with PIM-DM and PIM-SM 604
Prune Override 604
Assert Message 605
Designated Router 606
Summary of PIM-DM Messages 607
Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol 608
Multicast Open Shortest Path First 608
Sparse-Mode Routing Protocols 609
Operation of Protocol Independent Multicast Sparse Mode 609
Similarities Between PIM-DM and PIM-SM 609
Sources Sending Packets to the Rendezvous Point 610
Joining the Shared Tree 612
Completion of the Source Registration Process 614
Shared Distribution Tree 616
Steady-State Operation by Continuing to Send Joins 617
Examining the RP??s Multicast Routing Table 618
Shortest-Path Tree Switchover 619
Pruning from the Shared Tree 621
Dynamically Finding RPs and Using Redundant RPs 622
Dynamically Finding the RP Using Auto-RP 623
Dynamically Finding the RP Using BSR 626
Anycast RP with MSDP 628
Summary: Finding the RP 630
Bidirectional PIM 631
Comparison of PIM-DM and PIM-SM 632
Foundation Summary 634
Memory Builders 638
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 638
Definitions 639
Further Reading 639
Part VII Security 641
Chapter 18 Security 643
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 643
Foundation Topics 647
Router and Switch Device Security 647
Simple Password Protection for the CLI 647
Better Protection of Enable and Username Passwords 648
User Mode and Privileged Mode AAA Authentication 649
Using a Default Set of Authentication Methods 650
Using Multiple Authentication Methods 651
Groups of AAA Servers 652
Overriding the Defaults for Login Security 653
PPP Security 654
Layer 2 Security 654
Switch Security Best Practices for Unused and User Ports 655
Port Security 656
Dynamic ARP Inspection 660
DHCP Snooping 663
IP Source Guard 665
802.1X Authentication Using EAP 666
Storm Control 668
General Layer 2 Security Recommendations 670
Layer 3 Security 671
IP Access Control List Review 672
ACL Rule Summary 674
Wildcard Masks 675
General Layer 3 Security Considerations 676
Smurf Attacks, Directed Broadcasts, and RPF Checks 676
nappropriate IP Addresses 678
TCP SYN Flood, the Established Bit, and TCP Intercept 679
Context-Based Access Control 681
TCP Versus UDP with CBAC 682
CBAC Protocol Support 682
CBAC Caveats 683
CBAC Configuration Steps 683
Dynamic Multipoint VPN 684
Foundation Summary 686
Memory Builders 688
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 689
Definitions 689
Further Reading 689
Part VIII MPLS 691
Chapter 19 Multiprotocol Label Switching 693
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 693
Foundation Topics 696
MPLS Unicast IP Forwarding 696
MPLS IP Forwarding: Data Plane 697
CEF Review 697
Overview of MPLS Unicast IP Forwarding 698
MPLS Forwarding Using the FIB and LFIB 700
The MPLS Header and Label 701
The MPLS TTL Field and MPLS TTL Propagation 702
MPLS IP Forwarding: Control Plane 704
MPLS LDP Basics 704
The MPLS Label Information Base Feeding the FIB and LFIB 707
Examples of FIB and LFIB Entries 711
Label Distribution Protocol Reference 713
MPLS VPNs 714
The Problem: Duplicate Customer Address Ranges 715
The Solution: MPLS VPNs 716
The MPLS VPN Control Plane 719
Virtual Routing and Forwarding Tables 719
MP-BGP and Route Distinguishers 721
Route Targets 723
Overlapping VPNs 725
The MPLS VPN Data Plane 726
Building the (Inner) VPN Label 728
Creating LFIB Entries to Forward Packets to the Egress PE 729
Creating VRF FIB Entries for the Ingress PE 731
Penultimate Hop Popping 733
Other MPLS Applications 734
Foundation Summary 736
Memory Builders 736
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 736
Definitions 736
Further Reading 736
Part IX IP Version 6 739
Chapter 20 IP Version 6 741
??Do I Know This Already?? Quiz 741
Foundation Topics 745
IPv6 Addressing and Address Types 746
IPv6 Address Notation 746
Address Abbreviation Rules 747
IPv6 Address Types 747
Unicast 748
Multicast 751
Anycast 753
The Unspecified Address 754
IPv6 Address Autoconfiguration 754
EUI-64 Address Format 754
Basic IPv6 Functionality Protocols 756
Neighbor Discovery 756
Neighbor Advertisements 758
Neighbor Solicitation 758
Router Advertisement and Router Solicitation 759
Duplicate Address Detection 760
Neighbor Unreachability Detection 761
ICMPv6 761
Unicast Reverse Path Forwarding 762
DNS 763
CDP 763
DHCP 764
Access Lists and Traffic Filtering 765
IPv6 Static Routes 766
IPv6 Unicast Routing Protocols 767
OSPFv3 768
Differences Between OSPFv2 and OSPFv3 768
Virtual Links, Address Summarization, and Other OSPFv3 Features 769
OSPFv3 LSA Types 770
OSPFv3 in NBMA Networks 771
Configuring OSPFv3 over Frame Relay 771
Enabling and Configuring OSPFv3 772
Authentication and Encryption 779
EIGRP for IPv6 780
Differences Between EIGRP for IPv4 and for IPv6 780
Unchanged Features 781
Route Filtering 782
Configuring EIGRP for IPv6 782
Quality of Service 789
QoS Implementation Strategy 789
Classification, Marking, and Queuing 790
Congestion Avoidance 790
Traffic Shaping and Policing 791
Tunneling Techniques 791
Tunneling Overview 791
Manually Configured Tunnels 793
Automatic IPv4-Compatible Tunnels 794
IPv6 over IPv4 GRE Tunnels 794
Automatic 6to4 Tunnels 795
ISATAP Tunnels 797
NAT-PT 797
IPv6 Multicast 798
Multicast Listener Discovery 798
Explicit Tracking 798
PIM 798
PIM DR Election 799
Source-Specific Multicast 799
PIM BSR 799
Additional PIM Concepts and Options 800
IPv6 Multicast Static Routes 800
Configuring Multicast Routing for IPv6 800
Foundation Summary 801
Memory Builders 803
Fill in Key Tables from Memory 803
Definitions 803
Further Reading 803
Part X Appendixes 805
Appendix A Answers to the "Do I Know This Already?" Quizzes 807
Appendix B Decimal to Binary Conversion Table 837
Appendix C CCIE Routing and Switching Exam Updates: Version 1.0 841
Glossary 845
Index 906
CD-Only
Appendix D IP Addressing Practice
Appendix E Key Tables for CCIE Study
Appendix F Solutions for Key Tables for CCIE Study
Appendix G IEEE 802.11 Fundamentals
Appendix H Wireless LAN Solutions
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