|
Windows Server 2003 TCP/IP Protocols & Services Technical Reference
In-depth technical information on TCP/IP protocols and their implementation in Windows Server 2003.
This TECHNICAL REFERENCE delivers must-know information on TCP/IP for any IT professional working with Windows Server 2003. The book focuses on core TCP/IP protocols such as IP, ICMP, IGMP, and UDP; physical protocols such as Ethernet; and
application protocols such as DNS, DHCP and WINS. It also provides details on NDIS and Windows NT-based networking architecture. The book starts with the fundamentals and builds comprehension layer by layer. Companion CD-ROM contains supplemental materials, including technical white papers.
* Provides practical and in-depth information on the entire TCP/IP protocols suite for Windows Server 2003
* Builds comprehension of TCP/IP protocols layer by layer
* Features ample illustrations, tables, and real-world examples
* CD-ROM includes Microsoft white papers on TCP/IP
Table of Contents:
PART I THE NETWORK INTERFACE LAYER
1 Local Area Network (LAN) Technologies 3
LAN Encapsulations 3
Ethernet 4
Ethernet II 5
IEEE 802.3 9
IEEE 802.3 SNAP 12
Special Bits on Ethernet MAC Addresses 14
Token Ring 16
IEEE 802.5 16
IEEE 802.5 SNAP 20
Special Bits on Token Ring MAC Addresses 22
FDDI 24
FDDI Frame Format 24
FDDI SNAP 26
Special Bits on FDDI MAC Addresses 28
IEEE 802.11 29
IEEE 802.11 Frame Format 29
IEEE 802.11 SNAP 33
Summary 34
2 Wide Area Network (WAN) Technologies 35
WAN Encapsulations 35
Point-to-Point Encapsulation 36
SLIP 36
PPP 38
PPP Multilink Protocol 42
X.25 45
X.25 Encapsulation 46
Frame Relay 48
Frame Relay Encapsulation 50
ATM 52
The ATM Cell 53
ATM Architecture 55
AAL5 58
Multiprotocol Encapsulation with AAL5 61
Summary 62
3 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 63
Overview of ARP 63
The ARP Cache 64
Updating the MAC Address 66
ARP Registry Settings 66
ARP Frame Structure 68
ARP Request and ARP Reply Example 71
Gratuitous ARP and Duplicate IP Address Detection 73
IP Address Conflict Detection 74
The Gratuitous ARP and Address Conflict Exchange 75
Inverse ARP (InARP) 76
Proxy ARP 77
Summary 79
4 Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 81
PPP Connection Process 81
PPP Connection Termination 82
Link Control Protocol 83
LCP Options 84
LCP Negotiation Process 85
PPP Authentication Protocols 88
PAP 88
CHAP 90
MS-CHAP 92
MS-CHAP v2 94
EAP 96
Callback and the Callback Control Protocol 101
Network Control Protocols 101
IPCP 101
Compression Control Protocol 103
Encryption Control Protocol 104
Network Monitor Example 105
PPP over Ethernet 106
PPPoE Discovery Stage 108
PPPoE Session Stage 109
Summary 110
PART II INTERNET LAYER PROTOCOLS
5 Internet Protocol (IP) Basics 113
Introduction to IP 113
IP Services 113
IP MTU 115
The IP Datagram 116
The IP Header 117
Version 117
Header Length 118
Type Of Service 118
Total Length 122
Identification 122
Flags 123
Fragment Offset 123
Time To Live 123
Protocol 124
Header Checksum 125
Source Address 126
Destination Address 126
Options and Padding 126
Fragmentation 127
Fragmentation Fields 127
Fragmentation Example 129
Reassembly Example 131
Fragmenting a Fragment 133
Avoiding Fragmentation 133
IP Options 136
Copy 136
Option Class 136
Option Number 137
Summary 146
6 Internet Protocol (IP) Addressing 147
Types of IP Addresses 147
Expressing IP Addresses 147
Converting from Binary to Decimal 148
Converting from Decimal to Binary 149
IP Addresses in the IP Header 149
Unicast IP Addresses 149
A History Lesson: IP Address Classes 150
Rules for Enumerating Network IDs 152
Rules for Enumerating Host IDs 152
Subnets and the Subnet Mask 153
How to Subnet 157
Variable-Length Subnetting 166
Supernetting and CIDR 169
Public and Private Addresses 172
Automatic Private IP Addressing 175
IP Broadcast Addresses 176
Network Broadcast 177
Subnet Broadcast 177
All-Subnets-Directed Broadcast 177
Limited Broadcast 178
IP Multicast Addresses 178
Mapping IP Multicast Addresses to MAC Addresses 179
Summary 181
7 Internet Protocol (IP) Routing 183
Introduction to IP Routing 183
Direct and Indirect Deliveries 183
Types of Links 184
Broadcast 184
Point-to-Point 185
Non-Broadcast Multiple Access 186
The IP Routing Table 187
Structure 187
Types of Routes 188
Route Determination Process 189
IP Routing Table for the Windows Server 2003 Family 190
Multihomed Nodes 192
Maintaining the IP Routing Table 193
IP Routing from Sending Host to Destination 197
Sending Host Forwarding Process 197
IP Router Forwarding Process 197
Destination Host Receiving Process 199
IP Routing Infrastructure Overview 200
Single-Path vs. Multipath 200
Class-Based vs. Classless 201
Flat vs. Hierarchical 203
Static vs. Dynamic 204
Single vs. Multiple Autonomous Systems 208
Routing Utilities 208
Summary 209
8 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) 211
ICMP Message Structure 212
ICMP Messages 213
ICMP Echo and Echo Reply 213
ICMP Destination Unreachable 215
PMTU Discovery 219
ICMP Source Quench 223
ICMP Redirect 224
ICMP Router Discovery 227
ICMP Time Exceeded 230
ICMP Parameter Problem 231
ICMP Address Mask Request and Address Mask Reply 233
Ping Utility 234
Ping Options 235
Tracert Utility 236
Tracert Options 239
Pathping Utility 240
Pathping Options 242
Summary 242
9 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) 243
Introduction to IP Multicast and IGMP 243
IP Multicasting Overview 244
Host Support 244
Router Support 246
The Multicast-Enabled IP Internetwork 247
IGMP Message Structure 249
IGMP Version 1 (IGMPv1) 249
IGMP Version 2 (IGMPv2) 253
IGMP Version 3 (IGMPv3) 256
The Windows Server 2003 Family and IGMP 260
TCP/IP Protocol 260
Routing and Remote Access Service 261
Summary 264
10 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 265
The Disadvantages of IPv4 265
IPv6 Addressing 267
Basics of Address Syntax 268
Types of Addresses 268
Types of Unicast Addresses 269
IPv6 Interface Identifiers 269
DNS Support 270
Core Protocols of IPv6 270
IPv6 270
ICMPv6 271
Neighbor Discovery 271
Multicast Listener Discovery 272
Differences Between IPv4 and IPv6 272
Summary 273
PART III TRANSPORT LAYER PROTOCOLS
11 User Datagram Protocol 277
Introduction to UDP 277
Uses for UDP 278
The UDP Message 279
The UDP Header 279
The UDP Pseudo Header 281
UDP Ports 282
Summary 284
12 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Basics 285
Introduction to TCP 285
The TCP Segment 286
The TCP Header 287
TCP Ports 289
TCP Flags 292
The TCP Pseudo Header 293
TCP Urgent Data 294
TCP Options 296
End Of Option List and No Operation 296
Maximum Segment Size Option 297
TCP Window Scale Option 299
Selective Acknowledgment Option 302
TCP Timestamps Option 305
Summary 308
13 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Connections 309
The TCP Connection 309
TCP Connection Establishment 310
Segment 1: The Synchronize (SYN) Segment 311
Segment 2: The SYN-ACK Segment 312
Segment 3: The ACK Segment 314
Result of the TCP Connection 315
TCP Half-Open Connections 316
TCP Connection Maintenance 320
TCP Connection Termination 321
Segment 1: The FIN-ACK from TCP Peer 1 322
Segment 2: The FIN from TCP Peer 2 323
Segment 3: The FIN-ACK from TCP Peer 2 324
Segment 4: The ACK from TCP Peer 1 325
TCP Connection Reset 326
TCP Connection States 329
Controlling TCP Connection Terminations in the Windows Server 2003 Family and Windows XP 331
Summary 332
14 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Data Flow 333
Basic TCP Data Flow Behavior 333
TCP Acknowledgments 334
Delayed Acknowledgments 334
Cumulative for Contiguous Data 335
Selective for Noncontiguous Data 335
TCP Sliding Windows 336
Send Window 337
Receive Window 340
TCP/IP for the Windows Server 2003 Family and Windows XP Maximum Receive Window Size 343
Small Segments 346
The Nagle Algorithm 346
Silly Window Syndrome 347
Sender-Side Flow Control 348
Slow Start Algorithm 349
Congestion Avoidance Algorithm 352
Summary 353
15 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Retransmission and Time-Out 355
Retransmission Time-Out and Round-Trip Time 355
Congestion Collapse 356
Retransmission Behavior 357
Retransmission Behavior for New Connections 359
Dead Gateway Detection 360
Using the Selective Acknowledgment (SACK)
TCP Option 361
Calculating the RTO 362
Using the TCP Timestamps Option 364
Karn's Algorithm 368
Karn's Algorithm and the Timestamps Option 369
Fast Retransmit 370
Fast Recovery 372
Summary 372
PART IV APPLICATION LAYER PROTOCOLS AND SERVICES
16 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server Service 375
Overview of DHCP in Windows Server 2003 376
What Is DHCP? 376
DHCP Overview and Key Terms 376
How DHCP Works 382
DHCP Messages 387
General Message Format 387
DHCPDISCOVER 389
DHCPOFFER 391
DHCPREQUEST 393
DHCPACK 396
DHCPDECLINE 397
DHCPNAK 399
DHCPRELEASE 401
DHCPINFORM 402
DHCP Options 403
What Are DHCP Options? 403
Options Supported by Windows Server 2003 404
Summary 407
17 Domain Name System (DNS) 409
Overview of DNS 410
What Is DNS? 410
Key DNS Terms 410
How DNS Works 430
Configuring DNS Client Functions 430
Resolving Names 431
Resolving Aliases 433
Dynamically Updating DNS 435
Transferring Zone Information 437
DNS Resource Records 439
What Are Resource Records? 439
RRs Supported by Windows Server 2003 441
DNS Messages 442
DNS Message Types 443
Name Query Message 449
Name Query Response Message 450
Reverse Name Query Message 450
Name Update Message 451
Name Update Response Message 451
Summary 451
18 Windows Internet Name Service (WINS) 453
Overview of WINS in Windows Server 2003 454
What Is WINS? 454
Key WINS Terms 455
How WINS Works 466
Registering NetBIOS Names 466
Resolving NetBIOS Name Registration Conflicts 469
Releasing NetBIOS Names 469
Resolving NetBIOS Names 470
Refreshing NetBIOS Names 471
Determining Adapter Status 471
NetBIOS Name Service Messages 472
Name Service Header 474
NetBIOS Name Representation 476
Question Entries 478
RRs 479
Resource Record Name Compression 482
Name Registration Message 482
Positive Name Registration Response 483
Negative Name Registration Response 484
Name Refresh Message 485
Name Release Request Message 485
Name Release Response Message 486
Name Query Request Message 487
Positive Name Query Response Message 488
Negative Name Response Message 488
Wait Acknowledgment Message 489
Summary 490
19 File and Printer Sharing 491
Introduction to CIFS 492
CIFS Operation 493
Introduction to Internet Printing 501
IPP Operation 502
IPP Specifications 505
Summary 513
20 RADIUS and Internet Authentication Service 515
RADIUS and IAS Server in Windows Server 2003 515
RADIUS in Operation 517
RADIUS Authentication 517
RADIUS Accounting 518
RADIUS Proxy 519
RADIUS Attributes 520
RADIUS in Windows Server 2003 520
RADIUS Authentication in Routing and Remote Access 520
RADIUS Accounting in Windows Server 2003 524
RADIUS Proxy in Windows Server 2003 529
RADIUS Message Structure 533
Common RADIUS Header 533
Attributes 535
Vendor-Specific Attributes 542
RADIUS Messages 544
Authentication 544
Accounting 547
Summary 552
21 Internet Information Services (IIS) and the Internet Protocols 553
HTTP 553
HTTP in Operation 555
URIs 557
HTTP Messages 558
Request Messages 558
Response Messages 561
HTTP Codings 575
HTTP Content Negotiation 575
HTTP Caching 577
FTP 577
FTP Operation 579
FTP Data 581
Connections and Transmission Modes 583
FTP Commands and Responses 586
NNTP 588
NNTP Operation 590
NNTP Commands and Responses 591
SMTP 602
SMTP Operation 603
SMTP Commands 606
SMTP Replies 609
Summary 610
22 Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) 611
IPSec Overview 611
Properties of Secure Communications 612
Hashing and Encryption Algorithms 613
Key Management 614
Security Associations 614
IPSec Headers 616
Authentication Header 616
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) Header 620
Internet Key Exchange 624
ISAKMP Message Structure 624
ISAKMP Header 625
SA Payload 627
Proposal Payload 628
Transform Payload 629
Vendor ID Payload 631
Nonce Payload 632
Key Exchange Payload 632
Notification Payload 633
Delete Payload 635
Identification Payload 635
Hash Payload 636
Certificate Request Payload 637
Certificate Payload 638
Signature Payload 638
Main Mode Negotiation 639
Negotiation of Protection Suites 639
Key Exchange and Authentication 640
Quick Mode Negotiation 646
Retransmit Behavior 647
IPSec NAT Traversal 648
Summary 650
23 Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) 651
Overview of VPNs 652
VPN Clients and Servers 653
VPN Protocols 653
Tunneling 654
VPNs and PPP 656
VPN Address Assignment 656
VPN Data Compression 657
VPN Data Encryption 657
PPTP 657
PPTP Data Encapsulation 658
PPTP Control Connection 658
L2TP/IPSec 660
L2TP/IPSec Data Encapsulation 661
L2TP Control Connection 662
Summary 664
GLOSSARY 665
BIBLIOGRAPHY 675
INDEX 679
|
