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Pandora's Box: Social and Professional Issues of the Information Age
Computing technology is constantly evolving and changing, developing and consolidating its position as a vital component of our lives. It no longer plays a minor part in society – it is embedded in, and affects, all aspects of life, from education to healthcare to war. Dealing with the implications of this is a major challenge, and one that can
impact upon us, both personally and professionally. As a consequence, it is vital that all in the computing industry make wise decisions regarding their conduct.
Using case studies and discussion topics drawn from entertaining real world examples, Pandora’s Box examines the background of a wide range of vital contemporary issues, encouraging readers to examine the social, legal and ethical challenges they will face in their own careers.
Written in an engaging style and packed with international examples, this book addresses topics which have come to the forefront of public consciousness in recent years, such as online crime, piracy and peer to peer file sharing. Comprehensive coverage is provided of digital entertainment, censorship and privacy issues, presenting a rich source of context in which to consider ethical matters.
Suitable for students on computer science degree programmes, as well as those taking IT related modules on other courses which consider the impact of technology on 21st century living, Pandora’s Box is an essential read and a unique and timely textbook.
CONTENTS:
Preface.
1. Introduction.
The Introduction to the Introduction.
Case Study 1.1: The Canadian Cyborg.
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Lessig's Four Modalities Analysis.
Figure: Four Modalities Graphic.
Prophet and Loss: Failing to Foresee the Future.
Information System Partition.
The Law is an Ass.
Case Study 1.2: Tati v Kitetoa.
Globalization.
The Digital Divide.
Discussion Topics:.
Can Laws be Immoral?
Genetically Modified Food, Technologically Modified Humans.
The Haves and the Have-nots.
Related Reading.
2. Emergence and Convergence of Technologies.
Introduction.
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Emergence.
The Rise of Print Media.
The Rise of the Telegraph and Telephone.
The Rise of Broadcast Media.
Case Study 2.1: The Failure of On Digital.
Case Study 2.2: The Failure of On Digital.
The Rise of The Computing Industry.
The Rise of the Content Industry.
The Rise of the Internet.
Capitalism and Commercialization.
Convergence.
Content Producers and Distributors.
Case Study 2.3: The Biggest Media Merger in History.
Platform Producers and Content Producers/Publishers.
Corporate Production v Individual Creativity.
Market Sector Integration.
Case Study 2.4: 3rd Generation Phones, 1st Order Mistake?
Commerce, Monopoly and Competition.
Digitization.
Case Study 2.5: Global Media, Local Regulation.
The Big Challenges Ahead.
Discussion Topics.
Fit for Purpose?
E-Tax.
Competing with Free Beer.
Related Reading.
3. Digital Entertainment.
Introduction.
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A Short History of Entertainment Technology.
Linear Visual Entertainment.
Case Study 3.1: Satellite v Cable v Terrestrial Broadcast.
Linear Audio Entertainment.
Video Games.
Computer Games.
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Case Study 3.2: EverQuest and Lineage.
The Effects of Digital Entertainment Technology.
Digital Entertainment - Friend or Foe?
The Toy Town Divide.
Boys and Girls Come Out to Play: Stereotyping.
Health Related Issues.
Curse of the Couch Potato Children.
Physical Problems.
Digital Equipment - Part of the Modern Family.
Does Television Cause Adverse Social Behaviour?
Creating Monsters - Do Computer Games Make People Violent?
Case Study 3.3: Grand Theft Auto: Murder Training?
Do Computer Games Fuel Addiction and Gambling.
Power to the Player - Benefits of Computer Games.
Harnessing the Power of the Brain.
Education & Learning.
The Silver Gamers.
Game Development Grows Up - The Hidden Agenda.
Discussion Points.
Should Computer Games be Regulated? Rated? Censored?
Couch Potato Syndrome.
Online Gambling: Menace or Natural Progression?
Related Reading.
4. Censorship and Freedom of Speech.
Introduction.
Reasons for Censorship.
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Censorship By States.
Case Study 4.1: The Great Firewall of China.
Censorship of Speakers by Governments.
Case Study 4.2: Thefreeworld.net.
Censorship of Listeners by Governments.
Censorship by Private Actors.
Censorship of Speakers by Private Actors.
Censorship of Listeners by Private Actors.
Technology for Expression.
Technological Developments with Expressive Power.
Censoring Internet Content.
Case Study 4.3: www.thinkofthechildren.co.uk.
Case Study 4.4: Freenet.
Client-Server and Peer-to-Peer.
Discussion Topics.
France Yahoo! Nazi Memorabilia.
ISP Liability for Content.
BT and the IWF.
Related Reading.
5. Sex and Technology.
Introduction.
The Nature of Sexual Material.
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One Man's Art....
The Medium and the Message.
Use of Technology to (Re)Produce Sexual Material.
Techno-Sex.
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Anonymity: Reality and Illusion.
Case Study 5.1: Accessing Sexual Material at Work.
Anon Servers.
Online Sex and Real Relationships.
The Future of Online Sex: TeleDildonics?
Regulating Sex in Cyberspace.
Case Study 5.2: Ethics v Professionalism.
Not in Front of the Children; Protecting Children from Sex Online.
Surfing to a Naked Beach.
'Satisfy Her in Bed': Sex Spam to Minors.
Online Friendships.
Child Pornography.
Types of Material.
Operation Ore
Prohibition, Harm, Possession and Distribution.
Jurisdictional Anomalies and Conflicts.
Discovery, Defence and Mitigation.
Discussion Topics.
Freedom of Speech v Censorship of Sexual Material.
The Toby Studabaker Case.
Related Reading.
6. Governance of the Internet.
Introduction.
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The Internet Protocols (TCP/IP).
The Origins of the Internet.
Case Study 6.1: Chinese State Control over the .cn ccTLD.
Early Arguments.
IANA, IETF and the DNS Root.
The Root of All Evil.
Commercialization.
ICANN.
ccTLDs.
Alternative Root Servers.
Commercialization, Ownership and Corporate Identity.
Trademarks.
Case Study 6.2: Apple Corp v Apple Inc..
Trademarks in Domain Names.
Case Study 6.3: VeriSign's Site Finder: All Your Typos Are Belong To Us.
Case Study 6.4: Sex.com.
The Uniform Dispute Resolution Process.
The Nominet Dispute Resolution Process.
Criticisms of Dispute Resolution.
Do Trademarks Matter in Domain Names? In URLs?
The Future of Internet Governance.
ICANN, DoC, EU and ccTLDs.
Wiring the World: Who Really Owns 'The Internet'?
Discussion Topics.
Should trademarks be valid in domain names?
What governance should ICANN have? UN-based, US-based, EU-based, anarchy?
What and how many top-level domains should there be? .
Related Reading.
7. Privacy and Surveillance.
Introduction.
New Yorker Cartoon.
Cryptography and Steganography.
Case Study 7.1: 'The Worst Boyfriend in the World'.
Definition of Privacy.
Communication Technology and Eavesdropping.
Identity of Eavesdropper and Legality of Eavesdropping.
The Whole is Greater than the Sum of its Parts.
Case Study 7.2: Unproved Allegations and Future Crime.
General Data Protection.
Detailed Data Protection Issues: EU Law.
Detailed Data Protection Issues: US Regulation.
Case Study 7.3: Victoria's Not-So-Secret Online Shopping Info.
International Movement of Data.
Data Protection Not Impediment to Life.
Big Brother is Watching You: CCTV.
Big Brother in the Making? Automated CCTV Processing.
Privacy Post-9/11.
Technological Privacy and Surveillance.
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Discussion Topics.
Leaving Little Trace: Anonymity in the Digital World?
Availability of Cryptography and Steganography.
Data Retention by ISPs.
Related Reading.
8. Information Age Warfare.
Introduction.
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History of Warfare.
Case Study 8.1: Internet How To Guide to Terrorism.
The Technology of War.
Case Study 8.2: War News.
Cyber Wars.
Satellites - The View from Space.
Star Wars Technology.
Network-centric warfare.
Case Study 8.3: WiFi Landmines.
The Battlefield.
Robo - Soldier.
Man or Machine.
The Unseen Enemy.
Mobile Phones as Weapons.
War Games.
Information dominance.
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Intelligence Gathering and Surveillance.
Discussion Topics.
Working for Arms Manufacturers.
Cyberterrorism: Real Threat or Virtual Bogeyman?
Overall Benefit or Drain on Resources?
Related reading.
9. Technology and the Human Body.
Introduction.
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Health Information Systems.
Treatment.
Electronic Patient Records (EPR).
Ebooking.
Eprescribing.
Intranets, Internet, and Call Centres.
Factors for Success.
Power to the Patient.
Internet, CD and Games.
Television Programmes.
Digital Television.
Self-diagnosis Kits.
Online Pharmacies.
Online Body Trafficking.
Techno-Medicine.
Telemedicine.
Training and Supporting Nurses & Doctors.
Virtual Therapy.
Robots in Hospitals.
Smart Monitoring.
Case Study 9.1: High Tech Nursing Home.
Computer Modelling.
Case Study 9.2: Computer Modelling to Track Tuberculosis.
Assistive Technology and Rehabilitation.
New Medical Technologies.
Implants for Diagnosis and Healing.
Implants and Prosthetics for Replacement and Reconstruction.
Artificial Eyes.
Intelligent Limbs.
Face Transplants.
Brain Implants.
Digital Flesh & Cyborgs.
Case Study 9.3: Implantation of Direct Neural Interfaces.
Discussion Topics.
The Longevity and Social Justice Debate.
Owning the Code of Life.
What is a Human?
Related Reading.
10. Professionalism in IT.
What is Professionalism?
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Case Study 10.1: Discovery of Customer Malfeasance.
Conduct.
Case Study 10.2: Health and Safety.
Practice.
Sanction.
Whistleblowing.
Safety Critical Software.
Discussion Topics.
Self-Incrimination.
Responsibility for DDoS Attacks.
Whistleblowing Insecurity.
Related Reading.
11. Online Crime and Real Punishment.
Introduction.
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A Very Brief History of Crime and Computers.
Computer Fraud.
Phishing.
Malware.
A Taxonomy of Malware.
Problems Caused by Malware.
Malware Authors: Who, How and Why?
Hoaxes and Life Imitating Art.
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Virus Checking and Auto-Notifying.
Computer Security: Cops and Robbers, Poachers and Gamekeepers.
Historical Roots of Cracking.
Case Study 11.1: The 8.5 Second Crack.
Who are the Crackers?
Case Study 11.2: Princeton Crack Yale Admissions System.
Vulnerability, Risk and Threat.
The Closed v Open Security Debate.
Walking the Tightrope: Social Pressures on Security.
Fields/Fences/Gates or Buildings/Walls/Doors or How Much Security Should be Necessary?
Poachers and Gamekeepers.
Laws Against Computer Misuse.
UK Computer Misuse Act.
US Sequence of Laws.
Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime.
Case Study 11.3: Gary McKinnon's Extradition.
The Growing Problem of Computer Crime.
Discussion Topics.
White Hat Cracking Should Be Legalized.
Web Scrapers and Robot Denial Files.
An Immune System for the Internet.
Related Reading.
12. Patents and Copyright.
Introduction.
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Intellectual Property?
The Philosophical Basis of Patents and Copyright.
Patents.
A Brief History of Patents.
The Modern Patent Systems.
Business Method and Software Patents.
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General Criticisms of Patents.
Patent Licensing Companies.
Copyright.
Origins and Development of Copyright.
The Main Provisions of Modern Copyright Statutes.
Case Study 12.1: Sklyarov.
The Main Case Law of Copyright in the US.
Case Study 12.2: Napster.
The State of Play.
Caser Study 12.3: The Music Industry and Higher Education.
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Software Copyright.
Copyright and the Architecture of Cyberspace.
Related Issues.
Free Culture.
Discussions Topics.
Is copyright the correct way to reward artists?
Does it actually promote artistic activity?
Lack of Legitimate Downloads Caused the Rise of Napster et al.
A New Basis for Copyright Law is Required.
Control and the Copyright Bargain.
Related Reading.
13. Unwanted Electronic Attentions.
Introduction.
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Unsolicited Communication.
Type of Communication.
Medium of Communication.
The Economics of Unsolicited Contacts.
Why Companies Use Unsolicited Contact.
Case Study 13.1: UK MPs Read No Evil.
Case Study 13.2: Comment Spam, No-Google Meta-tag and Googlebombing.
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Social, Legal and Technological Discouragement.
Malicious Unwanted Attentions.
Online and Telephone Fraud.
Electronic Stalking.
Case Study 13.3: Jake Baker.
Online Grooming.
Discussion Topics.
Tackling Spam at the Transport Layer.
Opt-In, Opt-Out, Shake It All About.
Freedom of Speech or Online Stalking.
Related Reading.
14. Education and Online Learning.
Introduction.
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From the Chalkboard to the Virtual Classroom.
Technologies for Styles.
Developing the Technological Classroom.
The Learner Perspective.
The Teacher Perspective.
The Administration Perspective.
Electronic Learning Resources.
Online Information Systems.
Case Study 14.1: The Open University and Friends.
Mobile Education (M-Learning).
Assessment and Authentication.
Plagiarism.
Case Study 14.2: Honor System Breakdown: University of Virginia.
Case Study 14.3: Failure of the UKeU.
Case Study 14.4: JISC Online Plagiarism Service.
Accessibility of Education in a Wired World.
Discussion Topics.
One Person's Plagiarism is Another's Research.
Overseas Education vs Distance Education.
The Net of a Million Lies.
Related Reading.
15. Living and Working in a Wired World.
Introduction.
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The Digital Lifestyle.
The Work and Home Environment.
UK Employers Not Entitled to Secretly Monitor Email.
Smarter Travel.
Smarter Homes.
Shopping.
The Sporting Life.
Technology and the Individual.
Education.
Health.
Crime.
Religion.
Communication.
The Changing Face of Communication.
Case Study 15.1: Flash Mobs - a New Technology-Driven Social Event.
The Global Village.
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The Digital Divide.
Case Study 15.2: Hewlett Packard (HP) Closes the Digital Divide.
The Digital Divide in the Industrialized World.
The Digital Divide Between the Nations.
Discussion Topics.
The Language of the Digital Age.
Digital Relationships.
Digital Divides.
Related Reading.
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