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C How to Program 5th Edition
The Deitels' groundbreaking How to Program series offers unparalleled breadth and depth of programming concepts and intermediate-level topics for further study. The books in this series feature hundreds of complete, working programs with thousands of lines of code. Includes strong treatment of structured algorithm and program development in ANSI/ISO
C with 150 working C programs. New chapters added for C99 and game programming with the Allegro C Library. Includes rich, 300-page treatment of object-oriented programming in C++. Presents each new concept in the context of a complete, working program, immediately followed by one or more windows showing the program's input/output dialog. Enhances the Live-Code Approach with syntax coloring. Provides Helpful Programming Tips, all marked by icons: Good Programming Practices, Common Programming Errors, Error-Prevention Tips, Performance Tips, Portability Tips, Software Engineering Observations, Look and Feel Observations. A valuable reference for programmers and anyone interested in learning the C programming language.
CONTENTS:
Preface xxi
1 Introduction to Computers, the Internet and
theWeb 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 What Is a Computer? 4
1.3 Computer Organization 4
1.4 Early Operating Systems 5
1.5 Personal, Distributed and Client/Server Computing 6
1.6 Machine Languages, Assembly Languages and High-Level Languages 6
1.7 Fortran, COBOL, Pascal and Ada 8
1.8 History of C 8
1.9 C Standard Library 9
1.10 C++ 10
1.11 Java 11
1.12 BASIC, Visual Basic, Visual C++, Visual C# and .NET 11
1.13 Key Software Trend: Object Technology 12
1.14 Typical C Program Development Environment 13
1.15 Hardware Trends 16
1.16 History of the Internet 16
1.17 History of the World Wide Web 18
1.18 Notes About C and This Book 18
1.19 Web Resources 19
2 Introduction to C Programming 32
2.1 Introduction 33
2.2 A Simple C Program: Printing a Line of Text 33
2.3 Another Simple C Program: Adding Two Integers 37
2.4 Memory Concepts 42
2.5 Arithmetic in C 43
2.6 Decision Making: Equality and Relational Operators 47
3 Structured Program Development in C 62
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Algorithms 63
Contents
x Contents
3.3 Pseudocode 64
3.4 Control Structures 64
3.5 The if Selection Statement 66
3.6 The if…else Selection Statement 68
3.7 The while Repetition Statement 71
3.8 Formulating Algorithms Case Study 1: Counter-Controlled Repetition 72
3.9 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement
Case Study 2: Sentinel-Controlled Repetition 75
3.10 Formulating Algorithms with Top-Down, Stepwise Refinement
Case Study 3: Nested Control Structures 81
3.11 Assignment Operators 85
3.12 Increment and Decrement Operators 85
4 C Program Control 107
4.1 Introduction 108
4.2 Repetition Essentials 108
4.3 Counter-Controlled Repetition 109
4.4 for Repetition Statement 111
4.5 for Statement: Notes and Observations 113
4.6 Examples Using the for Statement 114
4.7 switch Multiple-Selection Statement 118
4.8 do…while Repetition Statement 124
4.9 break and continue Statements 126
4.10 Logical Operators 128
4.11 Confusing Equality (==) and Assignment (=) Operators 130
4.12 Structured Programming Summary 132
5 C Functions 151
5.1 Introduction 152
5.2 Program Modules in C 152
5.3 Math Library Functions 153
5.4 Functions 155
5.5 Function Definitions 156
5.6 Function Prototypes 160
5.7 Function Call Stack and Activation Records 162
5.8 Headers 163
5.9 Calling Functions: Call-by-Value and Call-by-Reference 164
5.10 Random Number Generation 165
5.11 Example: A Game of Chance 170
5.12 Storage Classes 174
5.13 Scope Rules 176
5.14 Recursion 179
5.15 Example Using Recursion: Fibonacci Series 183
5.16 Recursion vs. Iteration 186
Contents xi
6 C Arrays 208
6.1 Introduction 209
6.2 Arrays 209
6.3 Defining Arrays 211
6.4 Array Examples 211
6.5 Passing Arrays to Functions 225
6.6 Sorting Arrays 229
6.7 Case Study: Computing Mean, Median and Mode Using Arrays 232
6.8 Searching Arrays 235
6.9 Multiple-Subscripted Arrays 242
7 C Pointers 267
7.1 Introduction 268
7.2 Pointer Variable Definitions and Initialization 268
7.3 Pointer Operators 269
7.4 Passing Arguments to Functions by Reference 272
7.5 Using the const Qualifier with Pointers 276
7.6 Bubble Sort Using Call-by-Reference 282
7.7 sizeof Operator 285
7.8 Pointer Expressions and Pointer Arithmetic 288
7.9 Relationship between Pointers and Arrays 290
7.10 Arrays of Pointers 295
7.11 Case Study: Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 295
7.12 Pointers to Functions 300
8 C Characters and Strings 325
8.1 Introduction 326
8.2 Fundamentals of Strings and Characters 326
8.3 Character-Handling Library 328
8.4 String-Conversion Functions 333
8.5 Standard Input/Output Library Functions 338
8.6 String-Manipulation Functions of the String-Handling Library 343
8.7 Comparison Functions of the String-Handling Library 345
8.8 Search Functions of the String-Handling Library 347
8.9 Memory Functions of the String-Handling Library 354
8.10 Other Functions of the String-Handling Library 358
9 C Formatted Input/Output 372
9.1 Introduction 373
9.2 Streams 373
9.3 Formatting Output with printf 373
9.4 Printing Integers 374
9.5 Printing Floating-Point Numbers 376
xii Contents
9.6 Printing Strings and Characters 377
9.7 Other Conversion Specifiers 379
9.8 Printing with Field Widths and Precision 380
9.9 Using Flags in the printf Format Control String 383
9.10 Printing Literals and Escape Sequences 385
9.11 Reading Formatted Input with scanf 386
10 C Structures, Unions, Bit Manipulations
and Enumerations 401
10.1 Introduction 402
10.2 Structure Definitions 402
10.3 Initializing Structures 405
10.4 Accessing Members of Structures 405
10.5 Using Structures with Functions 407
10.6 typedef 407
10.7 Example: High-Performance Card Shuffling and Dealing Simulation 408
10.8 Unions 411
10.9 Bitwise Operators 413
10.10 Bit Fields 422
10.11 Enumeration Constants 426
11 C File Processing 438
11.1 Introduction 439
11.2 Data Hierarchy 439
11.3 Files and Streams 441
11.4 Creating a Sequential-Access File 442
11.5 Reading Data from a Sequential-Access File 447
11.6 Random-Access Files 452
11.7 Creating a Random-Access File 453
11.8 Writing Data Randomly to a Random-Access File 455
11.9 Reading Data from a Random-Access File 458
11.10 Case Study: Transaction-Processing Program 459
12 C Data Structures 477
12.1 Introduction 478
12.2 Self-Referential Structures 479
12.3 Dynamic Memory Allocation 479
12.4 Linked Lists 481
12.5 Stacks 490
12.6 Queues 496
12.7 Trees 502
13 C Preprocessor 533
13.1 Introduction 534
Contents xiii
13.2 #include Preprocessor Directive 534
13.3 #define Preprocessor Directive: Symbolic Constants 535
13.4 #define Preprocessor Directive: Macros 535
13.5 Conditional Compilation 537
13.6 #error and #pragma Preprocessor Directives 538
13.7 # and ## Operators 538
13.8 Line Numbers 539
13.9 Predefined Symbolic Constants 539
13.10 Assertions 540
14 Other C Topics 545
14.1 Introduction 546
14.2 Redirecting Input/Output on Linux/UNIX and Windows Systems 546
14.3 Variable-Length Argument Lists 547
14.4 Using Command-Line Arguments 549
14.5 Notes on Compiling Multiple-Source-File Programs 551
14.6 Program Termination with exit and atexit 552
14.7 volatile Type Qualifier 554
14.8 Suffixes for Integer and Floating-Point Constants 554
14.9 More on Files 554
14.10 Signal Handling 557
14.11 Dynamic Memory Allocation: Functions calloc and realloc 559
14.12 Unconditional Branching with goto 560
15 Game Programming with the
Allegro C Library 566
15.1 Introduction 567
15.2 Installing Allegro 567
15.3 A Simple Allegro Program 568
15.4 Simple Graphics: Importing Bitmaps and Blitting 569
15.5 Animation with Double Buffering 574
15.6 Importing and Playing Sounds 581
15.7 Keyboard Input 585
15.8 Fonts and Displaying Text 590
15.9 Implementing the Game of Pong 596
15.10 Timers in Allegro 602
15.11 The Grabber and Allegro Datafiles 608
15.12 Other Allegro Capabilities 616
15.13 Allegro Internet and Web Resources 617
16 Sorting: A Deeper Look 624
16.1 Introduction 625
16.2 Big O Notation 625
xiv Contents
16.3 Selection Sort 626
16.4 Insertion Sort 630
16.5 Merge Sort 633
17 Introduction to C99 644
17.1 Introduction 645
17.2 Support for C99 645
17.3 New C99 Headers 646
17.4 // Comments 647
17.5 Mixing Declarations and Executable Code 647
17.6 Declaring a Variable in a for Statement Header 649
17.7 Designated Initializers and Compound Literals 650
17.8 Type bool 653
17.9 Implicit int in Function Declarations 655
17.10 Complex Numbers 656
17.11 Variable-Length Arrays 657
17.12 Other C99 Features 659
17.13 Internet and Web Resources 661
18 C++ as a Better C; Introducing Object
Technology 666
18.1 Introduction 667
18.2 C++ 667
18.3 A Simple Program: Adding Two Integers 668
18.4 C++ Standard Library 670
18.5 Header Files 671
18.6 Inline Functions 673
18.7 References and Reference Parameters 676
18.8 Empty Parameter Lists 680
18.9 Default Arguments 681
18.10 Unary Scope Resolution Operator 683
18.11 Function Overloading 684
18.12 Function Templates 687
18.13 Introduction to Object Technology and the UML 690
18.14 Wrap-Up 694
19 Introduction to Classes and Objects 701
19.1 Introduction 702
19.2 Classes, Objects, Member Functions and Data Members 702
19.3 Overview of the Chapter Examples 703
19.4 Defining a Class with a Member Function 704
19.5 Defining a Member Function with a Parameter 708
19.6 Data Members, set Functions and get Functions 711
Contents xv
19.7 Initializing Objects with Constructors 718
19.8 Placing a Class in a Separate File for Reusability 722
19.9 Separating Interface from Implementation 726
19.10 Validating Data with set Functions 732
19.11 Wrap-Up 737
20 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 1 744
20.1 Introduction 745
20.2 Time Class Case Study 746
20.3 Class Scope and Accessing Class Members 751
20.4 Separating Interface from Implementation 753
20.5 Access Functions and Utility Functions 755
20.6 Time Class Case Study: Constructors with Default Arguments 757
20.7 Destructors 763
20.8 When Constructors and Destructors Are Called 764
20.9 Time Class Case Study: A Subtle Trap–Returning a Reference to
a private Data Member 767
20.10 Default Memberwise Assignment 770
20.11 Software Reusability 772
20.12 Wrap-Up 773
21 Classes: A Deeper Look, Part 2 779
21.1 Introduction 780
21.2 const (Constant) Objects and const Member Functions 780
21.3 Composition: Objects as Members of Classes 790
21.4 friend Functions and friend Classes 797
21.5 Using the this Pointer 801
21.6 Dynamic Memory Management with Operators
new and delete 806
21.7 static Class Members 808
21.8 Data Abstraction and Information Hiding 814
21.8.1 Example: Array Abstract Data Type 815
21.8.2 Example: String Abstract Data Type 816
21.8.3 Example: Queue Abstract Data Type 816
21.9 Container Classes and Iterators 817
21.10 Proxy Classes 817
21.11 Wrap-Up 821
22 Operator Overloading 827
22.1 Introduction 828
22.2 Fundamentals of Operator Overloading 829
22.3 Restrictions on Operator Overloading 830
22.4 Operator Functions as Class Members vs. Global Functions 832
xvi Contents
22.5 Overloading Stream Insertion and Stream Extraction Operators 833
22.6 Overloading Unary Operators 837
22.7 Overloading Binary Operators 837
22.8 Case Study: Array Class 838
22.9 Converting between Types 850
22.10 Overloading ++ and —— 851
22.11 explicit Constructors 852
22.12 Wrap-Up 856
23 Object-Oriented Programming: Inheritance 868
23.1 Introduction 869
23.2 Base Classes and Derived Classes 870
23.3 protected Members 873
23.4 Relationship between Base Classes and Derived Classes 873
23.4.1 Creating and Using a CommissionEmployee Class 874
23.4.2 Creating a BasePlusCommissionEmployee Class Without
Using Inheritance 879
23.4.3 Creating a CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee
Inheritance Hierarchy 885
23.4.4 CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance
Hierarchy Using protected Data 890
23.4.5 CommissionEmployee—BasePlusCommissionEmployee Inheritance
Hierarchy Using private Data 897
23.5 Constructors and Destructors in Derived Classes 905
23.6 public, protected and private Inheritance 913
23.7 Software Engineering with Inheritance 913
23.8 Wrap-Up 915
24 Object-Oriented Programming: Polymorphism 921
24.1 Introduction 922
24.2 Polymorphism Examples 924
24.3 Relationships Among Objects in an Inheritance Hierarchy 925
24.3.1 Invoking Base-Class Functions from Derived-Class Objects 925
24.3.2 Aiming Derived-Class Pointers at Base-Class Objects 933
24.3.3 Derived-Class Member-Function Calls via Base-Class Pointers 934
24.3.4 Virtual Functions 936
24.3.5 Summary of the Allowed Assignments Between Base-Class
and Derived-Class Objects and Pointers 942
24.4 Type Fields and switch Statements 942
24.5 Abstract Classes and Pure virtual Functions 943
24.6 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism 945
24.6.1 Creating Abstract Base Class Employee 947
24.6.2 Creating Concrete Derived Class SalariedEmployee 950
24.6.3 Creating Concrete Derived Class HourlyEmployee 952
Contents xvii
24.6.4 Creating Concrete Derived Class CommissionEmployee 955
24.6.5 Creating Indirect Concrete Derived Class
BasePlusCommissionEmployee 957
24.6.6 Demonstrating Polymorphic Processing 959
24.7 (Optional) Polymorphism, Virtual Functions and Dynamic
Binding “Under the Hood” 963
24.8 Case Study: Payroll System Using Polymorphism and Runtime Type
Information with Downcasting, dynamic_cast, typeid and type_info 967
24.9 Virtual Destructors 970
24.10 Wrap-Up 971
25 Templates 976
25.1 Introduction 977
25.2 Function Templates 978
25.3 Overloading Function Templates 981
25.4 Class Templates 981
25.5 Nontype Parameters and Default Types for Class Templates 988
25.6 Notes on Templates and Inheritance 989
25.7 Notes on Templates and Friends 989
25.8 Notes on Templates and static Members 990
25.9 Wrap-Up 991
26 Stream Input/Output 996
26.1 Introduction 997
26.2 Streams 998
26.2.1 Classic Streams vs. Standard Streams 999
26.2.2 iostream Library Header Files 999
26.2.3 Stream Input/Output Classes and Objects 999
26.3 Stream Output 1002
26.3.1 Output of char * Variables 1002
26.3.2 Character Output Using Member Function put 1002
26.4 Stream Input 1003
26.4.1 get and getline Member Functions 1004
26.4.2 istream Member Functions peek, putback and ignore 1007
26.4.3 Type-Safe I/O 1007
26.5 Unformatted I/O Using read, write and gcount 1007
26.6 Introduction to Stream Manipulators 1008
26.6.1 Integral Stream Base: dec, oct, hex and setbase 1009
26.6.2 Floating-Point Precision (precision, setprecision) 1010
26.6.3 Field Width (width, setw) 1011
26.6.4 User-Defined Output Stream Manipulators 1013
26.7 Stream Format States and Stream Manipulators 1014
26.7.1 Trailing Zeros and Decimal Points (showpoint) 1015
26.7.2 Justification (left, right and internal) 1016
xviii Contents
26.7.3 Padding (fill, setfill) 1018
26.7.4 Integral Stream Base (dec, oct, hex, showbase) 1019
26.7.5 Floating-Point Numbers; Scientific and Fixed Notation
(scientific, fixed) 1020
26.7.6 Uppercase/Lowercase Control (uppercase) 1020
26.7.7 Specifying Boolean Format (boolalpha) 1022
26.7.8 Setting and Resetting the Format State via Member
Function flags 1023
26.8 Stream Error States 1024
26.9 Tying an Output Stream to an Input Stream 1027
26.10 Wrap-Up 1027
27 Exception Handling 1038
27.1 Introduction 1039
27.2 Exception-Handling Overview 1040
27.3 Example: Handling an Attempt to Divide by Zero 1040
27.4 When to Use Exception Handling 1047
27.5 Rethrowing an Exception 1048
27.6 Exception Specifications 1049
27.7 Processing Unexpected Exceptions 1050
27.8 Stack Unwinding 1051
27.9 Constructors, Destructors and Exception Handling 1052
27.10 Exceptions and Inheritance 1053
27.11 Processing new Failures 1053
27.12 Class auto_ptr and Dynamic Memory Allocation 1057
27.13 Standard Library Exception Hierarchy 1060
27.14 Other Error-Handling Techniques 1062
27.15 Wrap-Up 1062
A Internet andWeb Resources 1070
A.1 Free C/C++ Compilers and Development Tools 1070
A.2 C Resource Sites 1071
A.3 C99 1071
A.4 C Projects, Freeware and Shareware 1073
A.5 C Source Code 1073
A.6 C Articles and Whitepapers 1073
A.7 C Tutorials and Webcasts 1074
A.8 GNOME and GLib 1075
A.9 SWIG 1076
A.10 Objective-C 1076
A.11 C Sample Chapters and eBooks 1077
A.12 C Wikis 1077
A.13 C FAQs 1077
A.14 C Newsgroups 1078
Contents xix
A.15 C Blogs 1078
A.16 C Downloads from Download.com 1078
A.17 C Game Programming 1078
A.18 Allegro Game Programming Resources 1079
A.19 Jobs for C Programmers 1081
A.20 Deitel C Training 1081
B Operator Precedence Charts 1082
C ASCII Character Set 1086
D Number Systems 1087
D.1 Introduction 1088
D.2 Abbreviating Binary Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers 1091
D.3 Converting Octal and Hexadecimal Numbers to Binary Numbers 1092
D.4 Converting from Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal to Decimal 1092
D.5 Converting from Decimal to Binary, Octal or Hexadecimal 1093
D.6 Negative Binary Numbers: Two’s Complement Notation 1095
E Game Programming: Solving Sudoku 1100
Index 1109
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